Cold sores, also called fever blisters, are small fluid-filled blisters that typically form around the lips and mouth. They are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), although type 2 (HSV-2) can also cause them.
Causes
Once a person contracts the virus, it remains in the body for life, lying dormant in nerve cells. Certain triggers—such as stress, illness, fatigue, hormonal changes, or excessive sun exposure—can reactivate the virus and cause an outbreak.
Symptoms
- Tingling or itching around the lips before a blister appears
- Small, painful blisters filled with fluid
- Oozing and crusting as the sores heal
- Episodes lasting 7–10 days on average
Treatments
While there is no cure, treatments can shorten outbreaks and ease discomfort:
- Antiviral creams (acyclovir, penciclovir) if applied early
- Oral antivirals (valacyclovir, famciclovir) for severe or frequent outbreaks
- Home remedies such as cold compresses, aloe vera, or over-the-counter pain relievers
Preventive measures like managing stress, wearing SPF lip balm, and avoiding contact during outbreaks can reduce recurrence.
